Recently, there’s been a lot of media buzz about a specific medication called Ozempic. Many of you may have seen or heard stories about this “new drug” that’s making waves. But what you might not know is that while Ozempic itself is new, the class of medications it belongs to is not.
The Basics of GLP-1
The medication class Ozempic belongs to is called GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists. Researchers first discovered the GLP-1 hormone in the 1980s. GLP-1 is a naturally occurring hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Interestingly, research into hormones like GLP-1 has been ongoing for over a century. In the 1960s, another hormone called GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) was discovered, but it was initially dismissed because it didn’t seem to help with insulin secretion.
Through continued research, scientists identified a precursor to glucagon, called proglucagon, which led to the discovery of GLP-1. They found that GLP-1 could stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion, making it a potential treatment for diabetes.
Early Research and Development
Early studies included both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics, as well as non-diabetic participants. These studies showed that continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of GLP-1 helped control glucose levels with minimal need for external insulin. However, the hormone’s short lifespan in the body made IV administration impractical. Researchers continued to work on making GLP-1 more stable and effective.
GLP-1 Medications Over the Years
The first GLP-1 medication approved in the U.S. was Exenatide (marketed as Byetta and Bydureon) in 2005. Made by AstraZeneca, Byetta was available until 2012. Bydureon was discontinued in 2021, although Bydureon BCise is still on the market and is a once-a-week injectable medication. Following this, in 2010, Novo Nordisk introduced Liraglutide (Victoza for diabetes and Saxenda for obesity). This was the first GLP-1 medication specifically marketed for obesity.
In 2014, Albiglutide (Tanzeum) by GSK and Dulaglutide (Trulicity) by Eli Lilly were approved. Tanzeum was discontinued in 2017. Lixisenatide (Lyxumia in the EU and Adlyxin in the U.S. by Sanofi) was approved in 2016.
Then in 2017, Semaglutide was approved. It’s marketed as Ozempic and Rybelsus for diabetes and Wegovy for obesity, both by Novo Nordisk. Most recently, in 2022, a combination GLP-1 and GIP medication called Tirzepatide (Mounjaro for diabetes and Zepbound for obesity by Eli Lilly) was approved.
Ongoing Research and Benefits
Despite nearly two decades of use, there is still much to learn about GLP-1 hormones. Researchers continue to study their effects and how they can be made more effective. What we do know has been published in various medical journals and peer-reviewed studies.
GLP-1 medications have several benefits, including:
* Improved weight management.
* Cardiovascular benefits.
* Potential to reduce blood pressure.
These benefits make GLP-1 medications an attractive option for many people beyond their primary use for regulating blood sugar levels.
Side Effects and Considerations
Like all medications, GLP-1 receptor agonists have side effects. Common ones include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, while more serious side effects can also occur. It’s important to discuss these with your healthcare provider to determine if GLP-1 medications are a good option for you.
While GLP-1 medications offer many positives, they are not suitable for everyone. It’s important to have an informed discussion with your doctor, who can help determine if this treatment is right for you. Doctors should stay updated on treatment options, but the vast number of available medications can make this challenging.
While GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic, are revolutionizing the treatment of diabetes and obesity, it’s essential to approach any medication you are interested in with a well-rounded understanding and professional medical advice.
Resources for Further Reading:
* From the Incretin Concept and the Discovery of GLP-1
* Glucagon-like Peptide-1: Actions and Influence on Pancreatic Hormone Function
* Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics
Remember by staying informed and working with your healthcare provider, you can make the best choices for your health.